Pacejka

Coefficients

• B

  Stiffness

  Stretches the curve along slip. Higher B reaches the same peak at less slip.

• C

  Shape

  C > 1 peaks then drops. Larger C → meaner fall toward sliding force.

• E

  Curvature

  Rounding at the peak. Near 1 is broad; negative is sharp.

• μ

  Peak friction

  Scales D. Surface presets write μ together with B, C, E.

• D

  Peak force

  Result: μ × Fz. Height of the curve. Does not move peak slip.

• K

  Origin slope

  Result: B C D. Cornering stiffness Cα, N per radian.

Fit order: D from μ and load, C from the slide/peak ratio, K from the small-slip slope, B = K / (C D), E last to round the peak. α and κ set the operating point (gold dot) and the combined-slip σ.